DEMONISM IN THE LIGHT OF SCRIPTURE. Part 1 of 2.
Having established the widespread influence and effects of the occult in the world today, we now want to show the Scriptural evidence concerning the evil power behind the occult. After establishing this on Scriptural grounds, our next study will deal with the basic strategy of Satan, the arch deceiver. We will show how the first step in his scheme to gain control of the minds and lives of men and women everywhere is to ensnare them somewhere in his demonic web of occultism.
The Bible clearly reveals the existence of an unseen kingdom of darkness. It consists of a complex hierarchy of evil forces, together with an invisible host of malevolent spirits, all actively engaged in an insidious plot to deceive, control, oppress, and eventually destroy the human race.
The reality of the existence of these demonic powers is clearly affirmed by the Old Testament itself, as seen in the stringent legislation against any traffic in the occult by the Israelites. Such involvement was punishable by death (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 20:27). The satanic confederacy and its warfare against the whole creation, beginning with the manifestation of Satan himself at the very inception of the human race (Genesis 3), can be traced throughout the Old and New Testaments.
With the Advent of Christ and the establishment of the church, the conflict between the forces of righteousness and the powers of darkness for control of the created order breaks forth on a scale hitherto unknown. It is exceeded only by the present demonic flood of wickedness being unleashed against the world now at the consummation of the ages. This is precisely what the Scriptures predict (II Thessalonians 2:1-12; I Timothy 4:1-3; II Timothy 3:1-5; Matthew 24:11; cf. Ephesians 6:10-13; I John 4:1-3; II John 7-11; II Corinthians 11:13-15; Revelation 13).
Apart from the testimony of the Scriptures, there is no satisfactory explanation for the present-day revival of witchcraft, spiritism, and occultism in all forms, nor the alarming increase in war, crimes, suicide, racial strife, social unrest, mental illness, disease, divorce, juvenile delinquency, sexual perversion, adultery, and revolt against law and order.
The contemporary church, to a great extent, lives in a world of make-believe with regard to recognition of the extensive influence of deceiving and malevolent spirits working against the human race. It is deluded by the unscriptural idea that Satan presents no serious threat to the Christian today. The popular notion is that Satan was defeated by Christ at Calvary; therefore, his present work is largely limited to blinding the eyes of the lost to the truth of the Gospel and harassing Christians by tempting them with worldly allurements or sinful pleasures.
Such a naive attitude has no basis whatever in Scripture. It is significant that the apostle Paul still calls Satan "the prince of the power of the air" and "the god of this world" after Calvary (Ephesians 2:2; II Corinthians 4:4)! The Scriptures warn believers that they should "be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: Whom resist stedfast in the faith"(I Peter 5:8-9; cf. Ephesians 6:10-13). Satan's invisible hosts are engaged in a ceaseless warfare against believers in an effort to hinder, deceive, discourage, defeat, oppress, maim, and destroy.
Moreover, much of the church today denies any need for the charismatic gifts (I Corinthians 12). They contend that these supernatural manifestations were merely a temporary foundation in the erection of the first century church. But in abandoning the charismatic gifts, they have surrendered the very weapons God placed in the church to cope effectively with the forces of darkness.
The church was called and invested with sufficient power and authority to conduct an effective warfare against the powers of darkness. Casting out demons, binding the forces of evil, and loosing victims from the oppression and bondage of Satan are still as much the duty of the church as the proclamation of salvation in Christ. In fact, these are a vital and inseparable part of the Gospel itself which Christ commissioned His church to preach (Mark 16:15-20).
Another result of this surrender of the charismatic power to heal and deliver from satanic oppression is that the pastoral ministry today is largely limited to "soul-care." Consequently, persons suffering mental, physical, or psychic disorders are referred to other professionals for medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The typical pastor may try to cope with the effects of these insidious powers in the lives of men and women through counseling and prayer; but he often fails to deal with their cause-Satan.
When the church dissected the Great Commission, separating the Word from the signs given to confirm it, it lost the power to convince the unbelieving world. Thus, after three centuries of turning the world upside down, the church began to waver and then steadily to lose ground to the powers of darkness. But in these closing days of history we are seeing a fresh enduement of power from on high, a restoration of charismatic ministry, in which the church is once again arising victorious to meet and overcome the flood of demonic wickedness sweeping across the earth.
A. Existence and Reality of the Kingdom of Darkness.
For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. -Ephesians 6:12. The Scriptures inform us that God created not only a material or physical world but also an invisible, spiritual realm consisting of angels and other spiritual intelligences, such as cherubim (Genesis 3:24; Ezekiel 28:14-15), seraphim (Isaiah 6:1,6), living creatures (Revelation 4-5), and other unnamed hosts and ministers of God (Psalms 84:1; 103:20-21; 148:2-5). The creation and existence of an invisible, spiritual realm, as well as the visible, is shown by the apostle Paul in Colossians 1:16: "For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him" (cf. Nehemiah 9:6; Psalm 148:2-5).
The Invisible hosts, dwelling either in the presence of God or in heavenly regions in close proximity to the earth, are of two orders: the good and the evil. The Scriptures further divide these two orders into a hierarchy consisting of thrones, dominions, principalities, authorities, powers, world rulers, spirit-forces in the heavenlies, angels, archangels, princes, cherubim, seraphim, and other spiritual hosts. Some of the designations refer to holy angelic authority, others denote evil supernatural forces, while some may refer to either, depending on the context. Certainly, the powers of darkness and the satanic confederacy are under consideration in such passages as Romans 8:38-39, Ephesians 6:12, Matthew 12:24-26, Ephesians 1:20-21, and perhaps also in Colossians 1:16; 2:10.
In Isaiah 14:13, Satan refers to the reality of his kingdom, saying, "I will exalt my throne above the stars of God." Christ Himself acknowledges its existence in Matthew 12:26 saying, "If Satan cast out Satan ... how shall then his kingdom stand?" The apostle Paul speaks of him as "the prince of the power of the air" (literally, "the ruler of the authority of the air," or the regions in proximity to the earth) and as "the god of this age." When Satan offered Christ the kingdoms of this world in return for His acknowledgment of Satan as god, Jesus did not challenge his right to offer them. In fact, Christ Himself referred to Satan three times as "the ruler of this world." John designates him as the head of the present world-system (I John 5:19). He rules in world affairs and directs them from his throne in the heavenlies. Men and governments, as well as educational, social, economic, financial, political, and in some cases, religious institutions, are under Satan's power to whatever extent they yield to his influence.
B. Origin of Evil: Satan and the Demonic Powers.
There is no simple answer to the perplexing question of the origin of Satan and his host of demonic spirits. God is not the Author of evil, for the Scriptures show that He created all things good in the beginning (Genesis 1:31). But how could sin originate in a perfect universe, or holy angels and spirits fall in the first place into the sin of rebellion against God? In order to shed light on this mystery, we must first examine what God has revealed in His Word concerning Satan, whom the Scriptures designate as the father and source of all that is evil.
1. Satan.
First of all, the Scriptures clearly show that Satan is not merely an impersonal evil "power" or "influence," the "negation of good"; but he is an intelligent, spiritual personality, ruler of a vast kingdom, and god of this world. The Scriptures contain many references showing that Satan is a personality. 1. Personal pronouns are used in reference to him (Job 1:8; 2:1-2; Matthew 12:26). 2. He possesses intelligence and cunning (Genesis 3; 2 Corinthians 2:11; Ephesians 6:11); memory (Matthew 4:6); knowledge and emotions (Revelation 12:12); will (Isaiah 14:12-15); speech faculties (Job 1-2; Matthew 4). 3. He will be punished as a moral, responsible being (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).
What do the Scriptures reveal as to the origin of Satan, the source of evil? From the fact that the Bible shows that God is the Creator of all things, both visible and, whether they be thrones, dominions, principalities or powers (Colossians 1:16; John 1:1-3), and that He created all things good (Genesis 1:31), we may conclude that the spiritual being designated Satan in the Scriptures was not originally a fallen creature. Do the Scriptures shed any light on this? We believe that they do. It is highly improbable that this archenemy of God and man, the source and cause of all the evil and misfortune in the universe, would be unceremoniously introduced into Scripture (Genesis 3) without some revelation in the Word of God as to his origin and subsequent apostasy, as well as some insight into the nature of his kingdom.
There are several passages of Scripture which refer to Satan's creation, apostasy, and fall from his original exalted position in heaven. Two of these deserve special consideration, namely, Isaiah 14:1-20 and Ezekiel 28:1-19. What is the true identity of the person described in these passages? A careful study will reveal that the description in these passages cannot be limited to the historic kings of Babylon and Tyre. The language, although addressed to them, clearly goes beyond these kings and characterizes Satan himself.
In the first place, the scope of Isaiah's prophecy is future, looking even beyond Israel's return from the Babylonian exile. Chapter 14:1-3 introduces the time of Israel's millennial blessings when she is restored to the land of Israel (14:1), ruling over her oppressors (14:2), and has been granted rest in her own land (14:3). The language in verse 12, which is addressed to the king of Babylon, is also used of Satan (Luke 10:18; Revelation 12:7-10), who, as the prince of this world, was the directing spiritual influence and power behind the king. Moreover, the language in verses 13-14 is inappropriate if limited to that earthly monarch. There are five "I wills" of Satan in this passage which cannot be applied to the king of Babylon. Satan boasted: "I will ascend into heaven." "I will exalt my throne above the stars of God." "I will sit upon the mount of the congregation." "I will ascend above the heights of the clouds." "I will make myself like the Most High."
The language, like that in Ezekiel 28:11-19, clearly goes beyond application to the historical king, and is directed to Satan. Ezekiel 28 describes the original, unfallen state of Satan and his apostasy, whereas Isaiah 14 records his fall and ultimate destruction. Why then are these two prophecies addressed to the historical kings of Babylon and Tyre, if they describe Satan and his career?
It is a characteristic of divine prophecy, and not uncommon in Scripture, for a message clearly to refer to or be directed to someone other than the individual named. Other passages where Satan is addressed indirectly through another are Genesis 3:14-15, Matthew 16:23, and John 13:27. In the Messianic psalms, while David apparently speaks of himself, he is actually describing Christ (cf. Psalms 16:10; 22, etc.).
Thus, we find that the kings of Babylon and Tyre are addressed in language which, by its very nature, describes someone other than themselves, because: (1) in the characters and careers of these earthly monarchs, the wicked character and career of Satan is seen; (2) Satan fulfills himself and his evil administration in and through these earthly kings who rule over his earthly dominions (Luke 4:5-6); and (3) these rulers, like Satan, arrogated to themselves divine honor and prerogatives (Isaiah 14:13-14; Ezekiel 28:2).
Next, observe the extraordinary nature of the description in Ezekiel 28:11-19, and the inappropriateness of limiting it to the historic king of Tyre:
"Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty" (28:12). He was complete and perfect before God.
"Thou wast in Eden, the garden of God" (v. 13). This is not the Eden of Genesis 3, but the paradise of God (v. 14, "the holy mountain of God") where he was arrayed with all imaginable splendor: "every precious stone was thy covering."
"In the day that thou wast created" (v. 13). Twice his "creation" is mentioned (cf. v. 15), which is inappropriate if applied to the king of Tyre. Of the human race, only Adam is said to have been "created"; his descendants are always said to be "born."
"Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth" (v. 14). No satisfactory explanation of the designation "cherub" has ever been offered when applied to the king of Tyre. The cherubim in Scripture are spiritual beings who always appear in the closest relationship to God (Genesis 3:24; Exodus 25:20; I Chronicles 28:18; Psalm 18:11; Ezekiel 1:9-11).
"I set thee, so that thou wast upon the holy mountain of God" (v. 14). He was appointed by God Himself to an exalted position.
"Thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire" (v. 14). Doubtless this signifies the divine presence of God and His glory (cf. Ezekiel 1:13. Exodus 24:10,17).
"Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till unrighteousness was found in thee" (v. 15). Certainly this is unsuitable and inappropriate when applied to the king of Tyre, who was not "created," never "perfect," so did not later fall into a state of unrighteousness.
This is, however, an accurate description of the career of Satan. Compare Colossians 1:16 with Ephesians 6:12, and John 1:3 with John 8:44, which suggest the fall of Satan from an original state of righteousness. Satan, we are told, "abode not in the truth."
"Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty; thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness" (v. 17). The Scriptures always designate pride as the cause for Satan's fall and condemnation (I Timothy 3:6; Isaiah 14:13-14).
"Therefore have I cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God; and I have destroyed thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire ... I have cast thee to the ground ... I have turned thee to ashes ... and thou shalt nevermore have any being" (verses 16-19). This is the exact fate predicted for Satan in Scripture (Revelation 12:7-9; 20:10; Isaiah 14:12, 15-20).
Satan was not alone in his apostasy and fall, for the Scriptures indicate that he was able to persuade numerous angels, and perhaps other spirit beings, to join in his rebellion and attempt to usurp the throne of God. Apparently the angels, possessing moral freedom, underwent a period of probation and testing just as Adam, for we read that some "sinned," and "kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation" (II Peter 2:4; Jude 6). The angels of the devil are referred to in Revelation 12:7. Others who kept their integrity are designated as "holy angels" (Mark 8:38) and "elect angels" (I Timothy 5:21).
As a result of Satan's rebellion and fall, sin entered and polluted the universe which God had created good, and Satan became the source of all evil and misfortune (John 8:44). His character and purpose are now given over entirely unto evil. He is called a "murderer," "the father of lies" (John 8:44), and an incorrigible sinner (1 John 3:8). He became the adversary of man, deceiving, oppressing, accusing, and seeking to destroy all that God has created (Genesis 3; Job 1-2; Acts 10:38; Revelation 12:9-10).
The present realm and sphere of this evil one and his hierarchy of wicked powers is not in "hell" (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 12:7-9); but the seat of his kingdom is in the heavenly regions, doubtless in close proximity to the earth (Revelation 12:7-12; Ephesians 2:2; 6:12. "High places" in 6:12 literally means "heavens" or "heavenly regions"). He walks up and down in the earth at will (Job 1:7; I Peter 5:8), and has access to heaven's throne as the "accuser" of believers (Job 1-2; Zechariah 3; Revelation 12:10). His present position is one of royal dignity and authority, so much so that even the archangel Michael "durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, 'The Lord rebuke thee"" (Jude 8-9).
His present dominion is that of king and ruler over a vast kingdom and hierarchy of dark powers (Matthew 12:26,29; 25:41; Ephesians 6:12), being designated as "ruler of this world," "ruler of the power of the air," and having the whole world under his power and influence (John 14:30; Ephesians 2:2; I John 5:19). As prince of this world, he rules over the godless political systems, in world affairs, in the realm of agnostic science and philosophy, and in the social and economic orders.
His designation as "the god of this world" (II Corinthians 4:4) signifies his present spiritual and religious power and influence. His influence and control in religion are to be found in various forms, ranging from subtle perversions of doctrine, including Liberalism, Modernism, Neo-orthodoxy, and New Age, to the revival of witchcraft, false cults, and devil worship. The worship of Satan and demons is not unknown in Scripture (Leviticus 17:7; Deuteronomy 32:16-17; Psalm 106:37; I Corinthians 10:20; I Timothy 4:1-3). Satanic churches exist today; and covenants with the devil, as well as prayers to him for assistance, have occasionally been disclosed by the oppressed in counseling with them.
Thus, Scripture actually sheds much light on the origin of evil in the universe and the present extent and work of the kingdom of Satan. However, a perplexing question yet remains: "How could sin originate in a perfect universe, or holy angels and spirits fall into the sin of apostasy and rebellion against God apart from outside influence?" Adam transgressed and fell from his state of innocence through the temptations of an outside influence, Satan. But in the transgression of Satan, the "anointed cherub" himself (as well as the holy angels who sinned), there was no one to influence nor tempt him. Sin actually had its origin in him: Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee" (Ezekiel 28:15). While Scripture does not give a direct solution, it does offer some help in solving this mystery. We offer two suggestions.
1. Free moral agency.
Satan, angels, and other spirit beings, like man, were created as free moral agents. That is, they were created intelligent, rational, and spiritual, with the power of free moral choice. By God's divine intention, they were given the power of self-determination with respect to their obedience to God.
Obviously, before sin entered the universe, Satan was still the anointed cherub. He and the angels who later sinned did not have a choice between good and evil as realities, inasmuch as evil did not yet exist. But the potential for evil existed, in that God had created other free moral beings and had given them the power to say "no" to Him and to rebel against His will. Before sin entered the universe, only one form of transgression was possible: disobedience to God's revealed will and commands. Satan's only choice initially was to obey or to disobey, as it was later in the case of Adam, whose transgression introduced sin into the world (Genesis 2:16-17; 3:1-6).
Irrational beasts do not have this power of choice, nor the right of self-determination; but neither can they, for that matter, worship God and by their own volition serve, honor, and obey Him. Free response based on love, not forced obedience, would alone satisfy and glorify God, the Father of all creatures, in exactly the same way a parent is honored and pleased by the loving, willful response and obedience of a child.
The initial choice was God's. Irrational beasts or sub-human robots without the ability of moral choice would present no threat to sanctity of the universe; but God wished to bring into existence beings who could freely worship, honor, and glorify Him. As God certainly knew of beforehand, this would require giving them the right of self-determination and the potential power of disobeying Him and His will. A creature who could not willfully say "no" to God, likewise could not willfully say "yes" to Him.
So evil did not exist from the beginning as a reality but as a potentiality. God created a free, moral universe and it is for this reason that Satan could choose not to abide "in the truth" (John 8:44). We may certainly infer from this that at one time he walked before God in truth and perfection, as Ezekiel 28:15 also indicates But, by an act of his own will, he chose not to abide any longer therein. So also, many of the angels, having the power of self-determination, "sinned" and "kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation" (II Peter 2:4; Jude 6).
2. Finiteness.
Satan, angels, and other spirit beings were, like man, created finite. To be "finite" means to be subject to limitations. It is a state of not being perfected (in the absolute sense); it is to be incomplete. Finiteness stems from the fact of creation. It is impossible to create an infinite creature-this would be a contradiction. Only God, as uncreated Spirit, without beginning or end, is infinite: that is, He is without limitation; He is perfect in righteousness, power, wisdom, holiness, and love. Finiteness is inherent in creation.
Satan's finiteness was the door to his fall, as it was with Adam. If one is finite in his essential nature, then his character, actions, motives, conformity to God's will, power to obey and not to sin-in a word, all that he is and does-will also be subject to this limitation or finiteness. Finiteness itself does not imply imperfection or defectiveness, but it implies limitation and susceptibility to failure or defeat under certain conditions.
Satan, as the anointed cherub, was preeminent in beauty and wisdom, possessing many other glorious attributes (Ezekiel 28:14). But being finite, he allowed pride to enter his heart because of his beauty ("Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty," Ezekiel 28:17; I Timothy 3:6), and sinful ambition, because of his great position ("I will exalt my throne above the stars of God... I will be like the Most High," Isaiah 14:13-14). Due to his incomparable beauty and wisdom, and because of his exalted position, his finiteness caused him to look away from the truth unto himself. The result was catastrophic: "he abode not in the truth" (John 8:44).
2. Demons.
We turn next to the hosts who comprise Satan's kingdom: demons and fallen angels. Satan, as god of this world, rules over a vast host of demonic spirits and directs an extensive kingdom and hierarchy, consisting of principalities, powers, world rulers of darkness, and spirits of wickedness in the heavenly regions (Ephesians 6:12).
Demons and fallen angels are never equated nor used interchangeably in Scripture. No angel is said to be "in" a person as in the case of the demon possessed. We do not read of a person who was possessed by an "unclean angel" (cf. Luke 4:33-36). Angels and other spirits are distinguished in Acts 23:9. The Scriptures speak of many kinds of spiritual creatures.
In our modern age of science and technology, with advancements in medical knowledge and psychiatry, and as a result of the rise of critical Biblical scholarship, it has become popular to deny the reality and existence of such personal entities as Satan, demons, and evil spirits, dismissing such beliefs as unenlightened superstition.
Several theories have been proposed by the skeptics in an unsuccessful attempt to explain rationally the manifestation of demonic powers. One such theory contends that the Bible, when it speaks of the presence and activity of demons, merely reflects prescientific superstition. From ancient times, we are told, every culture has held to the superstitious belief that the world is inhabited by unseen forces or spirits, some having good intentions toward man and some evil. In this way they were able to explain the mysteries of life and death, accident and disease, prosperity or famine, plagues, floods, storms, and so on. With our present day knowledge of science and the operation of physical laws, it is no longer necessary to resort to unrealistic explanations based upon unseen spirit forces.
Within Christendom some rationalistic theologians propose the theory of accommodation in an attempt to explain Jesus' references to demons and His exorcism of the spirits which in some instances possessed those to whom He ministered. Jesus, we are told, was actually aware that such personal intelligences as demonic spirits did not really exist, but inasmuch as the people to whom He ministered held to these superstitions, He merely accommodated Himself to their unenlightened views concerning the cause of physical and mental illness. His purpose, we are told, was not to teach science, but religion. Hence, He did not attempt to correct their unscientific beliefs. To say the least, such preposterous theory is ethically out of harmony with the moral life and teaching of Jesus Himself as set forth in the New Testament. Edited. Shared.
To be Continued.
God willing, more will be posted soon. All glory to Jesus alone.
Having established the widespread influence and effects of the occult in the world today, we now want to show the Scriptural evidence concerning the evil power behind the occult. After establishing this on Scriptural grounds, our next study will deal with the basic strategy of Satan, the arch deceiver. We will show how the first step in his scheme to gain control of the minds and lives of men and women everywhere is to ensnare them somewhere in his demonic web of occultism.
The Bible clearly reveals the existence of an unseen kingdom of darkness. It consists of a complex hierarchy of evil forces, together with an invisible host of malevolent spirits, all actively engaged in an insidious plot to deceive, control, oppress, and eventually destroy the human race.
The reality of the existence of these demonic powers is clearly affirmed by the Old Testament itself, as seen in the stringent legislation against any traffic in the occult by the Israelites. Such involvement was punishable by death (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 20:27). The satanic confederacy and its warfare against the whole creation, beginning with the manifestation of Satan himself at the very inception of the human race (Genesis 3), can be traced throughout the Old and New Testaments.
With the Advent of Christ and the establishment of the church, the conflict between the forces of righteousness and the powers of darkness for control of the created order breaks forth on a scale hitherto unknown. It is exceeded only by the present demonic flood of wickedness being unleashed against the world now at the consummation of the ages. This is precisely what the Scriptures predict (II Thessalonians 2:1-12; I Timothy 4:1-3; II Timothy 3:1-5; Matthew 24:11; cf. Ephesians 6:10-13; I John 4:1-3; II John 7-11; II Corinthians 11:13-15; Revelation 13).
Apart from the testimony of the Scriptures, there is no satisfactory explanation for the present-day revival of witchcraft, spiritism, and occultism in all forms, nor the alarming increase in war, crimes, suicide, racial strife, social unrest, mental illness, disease, divorce, juvenile delinquency, sexual perversion, adultery, and revolt against law and order.
The contemporary church, to a great extent, lives in a world of make-believe with regard to recognition of the extensive influence of deceiving and malevolent spirits working against the human race. It is deluded by the unscriptural idea that Satan presents no serious threat to the Christian today. The popular notion is that Satan was defeated by Christ at Calvary; therefore, his present work is largely limited to blinding the eyes of the lost to the truth of the Gospel and harassing Christians by tempting them with worldly allurements or sinful pleasures.
Such a naive attitude has no basis whatever in Scripture. It is significant that the apostle Paul still calls Satan "the prince of the power of the air" and "the god of this world" after Calvary (Ephesians 2:2; II Corinthians 4:4)! The Scriptures warn believers that they should "be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: Whom resist stedfast in the faith"(I Peter 5:8-9; cf. Ephesians 6:10-13). Satan's invisible hosts are engaged in a ceaseless warfare against believers in an effort to hinder, deceive, discourage, defeat, oppress, maim, and destroy.
Moreover, much of the church today denies any need for the charismatic gifts (I Corinthians 12). They contend that these supernatural manifestations were merely a temporary foundation in the erection of the first century church. But in abandoning the charismatic gifts, they have surrendered the very weapons God placed in the church to cope effectively with the forces of darkness.
The church was called and invested with sufficient power and authority to conduct an effective warfare against the powers of darkness. Casting out demons, binding the forces of evil, and loosing victims from the oppression and bondage of Satan are still as much the duty of the church as the proclamation of salvation in Christ. In fact, these are a vital and inseparable part of the Gospel itself which Christ commissioned His church to preach (Mark 16:15-20).
Another result of this surrender of the charismatic power to heal and deliver from satanic oppression is that the pastoral ministry today is largely limited to "soul-care." Consequently, persons suffering mental, physical, or psychic disorders are referred to other professionals for medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The typical pastor may try to cope with the effects of these insidious powers in the lives of men and women through counseling and prayer; but he often fails to deal with their cause-Satan.
When the church dissected the Great Commission, separating the Word from the signs given to confirm it, it lost the power to convince the unbelieving world. Thus, after three centuries of turning the world upside down, the church began to waver and then steadily to lose ground to the powers of darkness. But in these closing days of history we are seeing a fresh enduement of power from on high, a restoration of charismatic ministry, in which the church is once again arising victorious to meet and overcome the flood of demonic wickedness sweeping across the earth.
A. Existence and Reality of the Kingdom of Darkness.
For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. -Ephesians 6:12. The Scriptures inform us that God created not only a material or physical world but also an invisible, spiritual realm consisting of angels and other spiritual intelligences, such as cherubim (Genesis 3:24; Ezekiel 28:14-15), seraphim (Isaiah 6:1,6), living creatures (Revelation 4-5), and other unnamed hosts and ministers of God (Psalms 84:1; 103:20-21; 148:2-5). The creation and existence of an invisible, spiritual realm, as well as the visible, is shown by the apostle Paul in Colossians 1:16: "For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him" (cf. Nehemiah 9:6; Psalm 148:2-5).
The Invisible hosts, dwelling either in the presence of God or in heavenly regions in close proximity to the earth, are of two orders: the good and the evil. The Scriptures further divide these two orders into a hierarchy consisting of thrones, dominions, principalities, authorities, powers, world rulers, spirit-forces in the heavenlies, angels, archangels, princes, cherubim, seraphim, and other spiritual hosts. Some of the designations refer to holy angelic authority, others denote evil supernatural forces, while some may refer to either, depending on the context. Certainly, the powers of darkness and the satanic confederacy are under consideration in such passages as Romans 8:38-39, Ephesians 6:12, Matthew 12:24-26, Ephesians 1:20-21, and perhaps also in Colossians 1:16; 2:10.
In Isaiah 14:13, Satan refers to the reality of his kingdom, saying, "I will exalt my throne above the stars of God." Christ Himself acknowledges its existence in Matthew 12:26 saying, "If Satan cast out Satan ... how shall then his kingdom stand?" The apostle Paul speaks of him as "the prince of the power of the air" (literally, "the ruler of the authority of the air," or the regions in proximity to the earth) and as "the god of this age." When Satan offered Christ the kingdoms of this world in return for His acknowledgment of Satan as god, Jesus did not challenge his right to offer them. In fact, Christ Himself referred to Satan three times as "the ruler of this world." John designates him as the head of the present world-system (I John 5:19). He rules in world affairs and directs them from his throne in the heavenlies. Men and governments, as well as educational, social, economic, financial, political, and in some cases, religious institutions, are under Satan's power to whatever extent they yield to his influence.
B. Origin of Evil: Satan and the Demonic Powers.
There is no simple answer to the perplexing question of the origin of Satan and his host of demonic spirits. God is not the Author of evil, for the Scriptures show that He created all things good in the beginning (Genesis 1:31). But how could sin originate in a perfect universe, or holy angels and spirits fall in the first place into the sin of rebellion against God? In order to shed light on this mystery, we must first examine what God has revealed in His Word concerning Satan, whom the Scriptures designate as the father and source of all that is evil.
1. Satan.
First of all, the Scriptures clearly show that Satan is not merely an impersonal evil "power" or "influence," the "negation of good"; but he is an intelligent, spiritual personality, ruler of a vast kingdom, and god of this world. The Scriptures contain many references showing that Satan is a personality. 1. Personal pronouns are used in reference to him (Job 1:8; 2:1-2; Matthew 12:26). 2. He possesses intelligence and cunning (Genesis 3; 2 Corinthians 2:11; Ephesians 6:11); memory (Matthew 4:6); knowledge and emotions (Revelation 12:12); will (Isaiah 14:12-15); speech faculties (Job 1-2; Matthew 4). 3. He will be punished as a moral, responsible being (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).
What do the Scriptures reveal as to the origin of Satan, the source of evil? From the fact that the Bible shows that God is the Creator of all things, both visible and, whether they be thrones, dominions, principalities or powers (Colossians 1:16; John 1:1-3), and that He created all things good (Genesis 1:31), we may conclude that the spiritual being designated Satan in the Scriptures was not originally a fallen creature. Do the Scriptures shed any light on this? We believe that they do. It is highly improbable that this archenemy of God and man, the source and cause of all the evil and misfortune in the universe, would be unceremoniously introduced into Scripture (Genesis 3) without some revelation in the Word of God as to his origin and subsequent apostasy, as well as some insight into the nature of his kingdom.
There are several passages of Scripture which refer to Satan's creation, apostasy, and fall from his original exalted position in heaven. Two of these deserve special consideration, namely, Isaiah 14:1-20 and Ezekiel 28:1-19. What is the true identity of the person described in these passages? A careful study will reveal that the description in these passages cannot be limited to the historic kings of Babylon and Tyre. The language, although addressed to them, clearly goes beyond these kings and characterizes Satan himself.
In the first place, the scope of Isaiah's prophecy is future, looking even beyond Israel's return from the Babylonian exile. Chapter 14:1-3 introduces the time of Israel's millennial blessings when she is restored to the land of Israel (14:1), ruling over her oppressors (14:2), and has been granted rest in her own land (14:3). The language in verse 12, which is addressed to the king of Babylon, is also used of Satan (Luke 10:18; Revelation 12:7-10), who, as the prince of this world, was the directing spiritual influence and power behind the king. Moreover, the language in verses 13-14 is inappropriate if limited to that earthly monarch. There are five "I wills" of Satan in this passage which cannot be applied to the king of Babylon. Satan boasted: "I will ascend into heaven." "I will exalt my throne above the stars of God." "I will sit upon the mount of the congregation." "I will ascend above the heights of the clouds." "I will make myself like the Most High."
The language, like that in Ezekiel 28:11-19, clearly goes beyond application to the historical king, and is directed to Satan. Ezekiel 28 describes the original, unfallen state of Satan and his apostasy, whereas Isaiah 14 records his fall and ultimate destruction. Why then are these two prophecies addressed to the historical kings of Babylon and Tyre, if they describe Satan and his career?
It is a characteristic of divine prophecy, and not uncommon in Scripture, for a message clearly to refer to or be directed to someone other than the individual named. Other passages where Satan is addressed indirectly through another are Genesis 3:14-15, Matthew 16:23, and John 13:27. In the Messianic psalms, while David apparently speaks of himself, he is actually describing Christ (cf. Psalms 16:10; 22, etc.).
Thus, we find that the kings of Babylon and Tyre are addressed in language which, by its very nature, describes someone other than themselves, because: (1) in the characters and careers of these earthly monarchs, the wicked character and career of Satan is seen; (2) Satan fulfills himself and his evil administration in and through these earthly kings who rule over his earthly dominions (Luke 4:5-6); and (3) these rulers, like Satan, arrogated to themselves divine honor and prerogatives (Isaiah 14:13-14; Ezekiel 28:2).
Next, observe the extraordinary nature of the description in Ezekiel 28:11-19, and the inappropriateness of limiting it to the historic king of Tyre:
"Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty" (28:12). He was complete and perfect before God.
"Thou wast in Eden, the garden of God" (v. 13). This is not the Eden of Genesis 3, but the paradise of God (v. 14, "the holy mountain of God") where he was arrayed with all imaginable splendor: "every precious stone was thy covering."
"In the day that thou wast created" (v. 13). Twice his "creation" is mentioned (cf. v. 15), which is inappropriate if applied to the king of Tyre. Of the human race, only Adam is said to have been "created"; his descendants are always said to be "born."
"Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth" (v. 14). No satisfactory explanation of the designation "cherub" has ever been offered when applied to the king of Tyre. The cherubim in Scripture are spiritual beings who always appear in the closest relationship to God (Genesis 3:24; Exodus 25:20; I Chronicles 28:18; Psalm 18:11; Ezekiel 1:9-11).
"I set thee, so that thou wast upon the holy mountain of God" (v. 14). He was appointed by God Himself to an exalted position.
"Thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire" (v. 14). Doubtless this signifies the divine presence of God and His glory (cf. Ezekiel 1:13. Exodus 24:10,17).
"Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till unrighteousness was found in thee" (v. 15). Certainly this is unsuitable and inappropriate when applied to the king of Tyre, who was not "created," never "perfect," so did not later fall into a state of unrighteousness.
This is, however, an accurate description of the career of Satan. Compare Colossians 1:16 with Ephesians 6:12, and John 1:3 with John 8:44, which suggest the fall of Satan from an original state of righteousness. Satan, we are told, "abode not in the truth."
"Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty; thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness" (v. 17). The Scriptures always designate pride as the cause for Satan's fall and condemnation (I Timothy 3:6; Isaiah 14:13-14).
"Therefore have I cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God; and I have destroyed thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire ... I have cast thee to the ground ... I have turned thee to ashes ... and thou shalt nevermore have any being" (verses 16-19). This is the exact fate predicted for Satan in Scripture (Revelation 12:7-9; 20:10; Isaiah 14:12, 15-20).
Satan was not alone in his apostasy and fall, for the Scriptures indicate that he was able to persuade numerous angels, and perhaps other spirit beings, to join in his rebellion and attempt to usurp the throne of God. Apparently the angels, possessing moral freedom, underwent a period of probation and testing just as Adam, for we read that some "sinned," and "kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation" (II Peter 2:4; Jude 6). The angels of the devil are referred to in Revelation 12:7. Others who kept their integrity are designated as "holy angels" (Mark 8:38) and "elect angels" (I Timothy 5:21).
As a result of Satan's rebellion and fall, sin entered and polluted the universe which God had created good, and Satan became the source of all evil and misfortune (John 8:44). His character and purpose are now given over entirely unto evil. He is called a "murderer," "the father of lies" (John 8:44), and an incorrigible sinner (1 John 3:8). He became the adversary of man, deceiving, oppressing, accusing, and seeking to destroy all that God has created (Genesis 3; Job 1-2; Acts 10:38; Revelation 12:9-10).
The present realm and sphere of this evil one and his hierarchy of wicked powers is not in "hell" (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 12:7-9); but the seat of his kingdom is in the heavenly regions, doubtless in close proximity to the earth (Revelation 12:7-12; Ephesians 2:2; 6:12. "High places" in 6:12 literally means "heavens" or "heavenly regions"). He walks up and down in the earth at will (Job 1:7; I Peter 5:8), and has access to heaven's throne as the "accuser" of believers (Job 1-2; Zechariah 3; Revelation 12:10). His present position is one of royal dignity and authority, so much so that even the archangel Michael "durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, 'The Lord rebuke thee"" (Jude 8-9).
His present dominion is that of king and ruler over a vast kingdom and hierarchy of dark powers (Matthew 12:26,29; 25:41; Ephesians 6:12), being designated as "ruler of this world," "ruler of the power of the air," and having the whole world under his power and influence (John 14:30; Ephesians 2:2; I John 5:19). As prince of this world, he rules over the godless political systems, in world affairs, in the realm of agnostic science and philosophy, and in the social and economic orders.
His designation as "the god of this world" (II Corinthians 4:4) signifies his present spiritual and religious power and influence. His influence and control in religion are to be found in various forms, ranging from subtle perversions of doctrine, including Liberalism, Modernism, Neo-orthodoxy, and New Age, to the revival of witchcraft, false cults, and devil worship. The worship of Satan and demons is not unknown in Scripture (Leviticus 17:7; Deuteronomy 32:16-17; Psalm 106:37; I Corinthians 10:20; I Timothy 4:1-3). Satanic churches exist today; and covenants with the devil, as well as prayers to him for assistance, have occasionally been disclosed by the oppressed in counseling with them.
Thus, Scripture actually sheds much light on the origin of evil in the universe and the present extent and work of the kingdom of Satan. However, a perplexing question yet remains: "How could sin originate in a perfect universe, or holy angels and spirits fall into the sin of apostasy and rebellion against God apart from outside influence?" Adam transgressed and fell from his state of innocence through the temptations of an outside influence, Satan. But in the transgression of Satan, the "anointed cherub" himself (as well as the holy angels who sinned), there was no one to influence nor tempt him. Sin actually had its origin in him: Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee" (Ezekiel 28:15). While Scripture does not give a direct solution, it does offer some help in solving this mystery. We offer two suggestions.
1. Free moral agency.
Satan, angels, and other spirit beings, like man, were created as free moral agents. That is, they were created intelligent, rational, and spiritual, with the power of free moral choice. By God's divine intention, they were given the power of self-determination with respect to their obedience to God.
Obviously, before sin entered the universe, Satan was still the anointed cherub. He and the angels who later sinned did not have a choice between good and evil as realities, inasmuch as evil did not yet exist. But the potential for evil existed, in that God had created other free moral beings and had given them the power to say "no" to Him and to rebel against His will. Before sin entered the universe, only one form of transgression was possible: disobedience to God's revealed will and commands. Satan's only choice initially was to obey or to disobey, as it was later in the case of Adam, whose transgression introduced sin into the world (Genesis 2:16-17; 3:1-6).
Irrational beasts do not have this power of choice, nor the right of self-determination; but neither can they, for that matter, worship God and by their own volition serve, honor, and obey Him. Free response based on love, not forced obedience, would alone satisfy and glorify God, the Father of all creatures, in exactly the same way a parent is honored and pleased by the loving, willful response and obedience of a child.
The initial choice was God's. Irrational beasts or sub-human robots without the ability of moral choice would present no threat to sanctity of the universe; but God wished to bring into existence beings who could freely worship, honor, and glorify Him. As God certainly knew of beforehand, this would require giving them the right of self-determination and the potential power of disobeying Him and His will. A creature who could not willfully say "no" to God, likewise could not willfully say "yes" to Him.
So evil did not exist from the beginning as a reality but as a potentiality. God created a free, moral universe and it is for this reason that Satan could choose not to abide "in the truth" (John 8:44). We may certainly infer from this that at one time he walked before God in truth and perfection, as Ezekiel 28:15 also indicates But, by an act of his own will, he chose not to abide any longer therein. So also, many of the angels, having the power of self-determination, "sinned" and "kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation" (II Peter 2:4; Jude 6).
2. Finiteness.
Satan, angels, and other spirit beings were, like man, created finite. To be "finite" means to be subject to limitations. It is a state of not being perfected (in the absolute sense); it is to be incomplete. Finiteness stems from the fact of creation. It is impossible to create an infinite creature-this would be a contradiction. Only God, as uncreated Spirit, without beginning or end, is infinite: that is, He is without limitation; He is perfect in righteousness, power, wisdom, holiness, and love. Finiteness is inherent in creation.
Satan's finiteness was the door to his fall, as it was with Adam. If one is finite in his essential nature, then his character, actions, motives, conformity to God's will, power to obey and not to sin-in a word, all that he is and does-will also be subject to this limitation or finiteness. Finiteness itself does not imply imperfection or defectiveness, but it implies limitation and susceptibility to failure or defeat under certain conditions.
Satan, as the anointed cherub, was preeminent in beauty and wisdom, possessing many other glorious attributes (Ezekiel 28:14). But being finite, he allowed pride to enter his heart because of his beauty ("Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty," Ezekiel 28:17; I Timothy 3:6), and sinful ambition, because of his great position ("I will exalt my throne above the stars of God... I will be like the Most High," Isaiah 14:13-14). Due to his incomparable beauty and wisdom, and because of his exalted position, his finiteness caused him to look away from the truth unto himself. The result was catastrophic: "he abode not in the truth" (John 8:44).
2. Demons.
We turn next to the hosts who comprise Satan's kingdom: demons and fallen angels. Satan, as god of this world, rules over a vast host of demonic spirits and directs an extensive kingdom and hierarchy, consisting of principalities, powers, world rulers of darkness, and spirits of wickedness in the heavenly regions (Ephesians 6:12).
Demons and fallen angels are never equated nor used interchangeably in Scripture. No angel is said to be "in" a person as in the case of the demon possessed. We do not read of a person who was possessed by an "unclean angel" (cf. Luke 4:33-36). Angels and other spirits are distinguished in Acts 23:9. The Scriptures speak of many kinds of spiritual creatures.
In our modern age of science and technology, with advancements in medical knowledge and psychiatry, and as a result of the rise of critical Biblical scholarship, it has become popular to deny the reality and existence of such personal entities as Satan, demons, and evil spirits, dismissing such beliefs as unenlightened superstition.
Several theories have been proposed by the skeptics in an unsuccessful attempt to explain rationally the manifestation of demonic powers. One such theory contends that the Bible, when it speaks of the presence and activity of demons, merely reflects prescientific superstition. From ancient times, we are told, every culture has held to the superstitious belief that the world is inhabited by unseen forces or spirits, some having good intentions toward man and some evil. In this way they were able to explain the mysteries of life and death, accident and disease, prosperity or famine, plagues, floods, storms, and so on. With our present day knowledge of science and the operation of physical laws, it is no longer necessary to resort to unrealistic explanations based upon unseen spirit forces.
Within Christendom some rationalistic theologians propose the theory of accommodation in an attempt to explain Jesus' references to demons and His exorcism of the spirits which in some instances possessed those to whom He ministered. Jesus, we are told, was actually aware that such personal intelligences as demonic spirits did not really exist, but inasmuch as the people to whom He ministered held to these superstitions, He merely accommodated Himself to their unenlightened views concerning the cause of physical and mental illness. His purpose, we are told, was not to teach science, but religion. Hence, He did not attempt to correct their unscientific beliefs. To say the least, such preposterous theory is ethically out of harmony with the moral life and teaching of Jesus Himself as set forth in the New Testament. Edited. Shared.
To be Continued.
God willing, more will be posted soon. All glory to Jesus alone.
❤️DEMONISM IN THE LIGHT OF SCRIPTURE. Part 1 of 2.
Having established the widespread influence and effects of the occult in the world today, we now want to show the Scriptural evidence concerning the evil power behind the occult. After establishing this on Scriptural grounds, our next study will deal with the basic strategy of Satan, the arch deceiver. We will show how the first step in his scheme to gain control of the minds and lives of men and women everywhere is to ensnare them somewhere in his demonic web of occultism.
The Bible clearly reveals the existence of an unseen kingdom of darkness. It consists of a complex hierarchy of evil forces, together with an invisible host of malevolent spirits, all actively engaged in an insidious plot to deceive, control, oppress, and eventually destroy the human race.
The reality of the existence of these demonic powers is clearly affirmed by the Old Testament itself, as seen in the stringent legislation against any traffic in the occult by the Israelites. Such involvement was punishable by death (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 20:27). The satanic confederacy and its warfare against the whole creation, beginning with the manifestation of Satan himself at the very inception of the human race (Genesis 3), can be traced throughout the Old and New Testaments.
With the Advent of Christ and the establishment of the church, the conflict between the forces of righteousness and the powers of darkness for control of the created order breaks forth on a scale hitherto unknown. It is exceeded only by the present demonic flood of wickedness being unleashed against the world now at the consummation of the ages. This is precisely what the Scriptures predict (II Thessalonians 2:1-12; I Timothy 4:1-3; II Timothy 3:1-5; Matthew 24:11; cf. Ephesians 6:10-13; I John 4:1-3; II John 7-11; II Corinthians 11:13-15; Revelation 13).
Apart from the testimony of the Scriptures, there is no satisfactory explanation for the present-day revival of witchcraft, spiritism, and occultism in all forms, nor the alarming increase in war, crimes, suicide, racial strife, social unrest, mental illness, disease, divorce, juvenile delinquency, sexual perversion, adultery, and revolt against law and order.
The contemporary church, to a great extent, lives in a world of make-believe with regard to recognition of the extensive influence of deceiving and malevolent spirits working against the human race. It is deluded by the unscriptural idea that Satan presents no serious threat to the Christian today. The popular notion is that Satan was defeated by Christ at Calvary; therefore, his present work is largely limited to blinding the eyes of the lost to the truth of the Gospel and harassing Christians by tempting them with worldly allurements or sinful pleasures.
Such a naive attitude has no basis whatever in Scripture. It is significant that the apostle Paul still calls Satan "the prince of the power of the air" and "the god of this world" after Calvary (Ephesians 2:2; II Corinthians 4:4)! The Scriptures warn believers that they should "be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: Whom resist stedfast in the faith"(I Peter 5:8-9; cf. Ephesians 6:10-13). Satan's invisible hosts are engaged in a ceaseless warfare against believers in an effort to hinder, deceive, discourage, defeat, oppress, maim, and destroy.
Moreover, much of the church today denies any need for the charismatic gifts (I Corinthians 12). They contend that these supernatural manifestations were merely a temporary foundation in the erection of the first century church. But in abandoning the charismatic gifts, they have surrendered the very weapons God placed in the church to cope effectively with the forces of darkness.
The church was called and invested with sufficient power and authority to conduct an effective warfare against the powers of darkness. Casting out demons, binding the forces of evil, and loosing victims from the oppression and bondage of Satan are still as much the duty of the church as the proclamation of salvation in Christ. In fact, these are a vital and inseparable part of the Gospel itself which Christ commissioned His church to preach (Mark 16:15-20).
Another result of this surrender of the charismatic power to heal and deliver from satanic oppression is that the pastoral ministry today is largely limited to "soul-care." Consequently, persons suffering mental, physical, or psychic disorders are referred to other professionals for medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The typical pastor may try to cope with the effects of these insidious powers in the lives of men and women through counseling and prayer; but he often fails to deal with their cause-Satan.
When the church dissected the Great Commission, separating the Word from the signs given to confirm it, it lost the power to convince the unbelieving world. Thus, after three centuries of turning the world upside down, the church began to waver and then steadily to lose ground to the powers of darkness. But in these closing days of history we are seeing a fresh enduement of power from on high, a restoration of charismatic ministry, in which the church is once again arising victorious to meet and overcome the flood of demonic wickedness sweeping across the earth.
A. Existence and Reality of the Kingdom of Darkness.
For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. -Ephesians 6:12. The Scriptures inform us that God created not only a material or physical world but also an invisible, spiritual realm consisting of angels and other spiritual intelligences, such as cherubim (Genesis 3:24; Ezekiel 28:14-15), seraphim (Isaiah 6:1,6), living creatures (Revelation 4-5), and other unnamed hosts and ministers of God (Psalms 84:1; 103:20-21; 148:2-5). The creation and existence of an invisible, spiritual realm, as well as the visible, is shown by the apostle Paul in Colossians 1:16: "For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him" (cf. Nehemiah 9:6; Psalm 148:2-5).
The Invisible hosts, dwelling either in the presence of God or in heavenly regions in close proximity to the earth, are of two orders: the good and the evil. The Scriptures further divide these two orders into a hierarchy consisting of thrones, dominions, principalities, authorities, powers, world rulers, spirit-forces in the heavenlies, angels, archangels, princes, cherubim, seraphim, and other spiritual hosts. Some of the designations refer to holy angelic authority, others denote evil supernatural forces, while some may refer to either, depending on the context. Certainly, the powers of darkness and the satanic confederacy are under consideration in such passages as Romans 8:38-39, Ephesians 6:12, Matthew 12:24-26, Ephesians 1:20-21, and perhaps also in Colossians 1:16; 2:10.
In Isaiah 14:13, Satan refers to the reality of his kingdom, saying, "I will exalt my throne above the stars of God." Christ Himself acknowledges its existence in Matthew 12:26 saying, "If Satan cast out Satan ... how shall then his kingdom stand?" The apostle Paul speaks of him as "the prince of the power of the air" (literally, "the ruler of the authority of the air," or the regions in proximity to the earth) and as "the god of this age." When Satan offered Christ the kingdoms of this world in return for His acknowledgment of Satan as god, Jesus did not challenge his right to offer them. In fact, Christ Himself referred to Satan three times as "the ruler of this world." John designates him as the head of the present world-system (I John 5:19). He rules in world affairs and directs them from his throne in the heavenlies. Men and governments, as well as educational, social, economic, financial, political, and in some cases, religious institutions, are under Satan's power to whatever extent they yield to his influence.
B. Origin of Evil: Satan and the Demonic Powers.
There is no simple answer to the perplexing question of the origin of Satan and his host of demonic spirits. God is not the Author of evil, for the Scriptures show that He created all things good in the beginning (Genesis 1:31). But how could sin originate in a perfect universe, or holy angels and spirits fall in the first place into the sin of rebellion against God? In order to shed light on this mystery, we must first examine what God has revealed in His Word concerning Satan, whom the Scriptures designate as the father and source of all that is evil.
1. Satan.
First of all, the Scriptures clearly show that Satan is not merely an impersonal evil "power" or "influence," the "negation of good"; but he is an intelligent, spiritual personality, ruler of a vast kingdom, and god of this world. The Scriptures contain many references showing that Satan is a personality. 1. Personal pronouns are used in reference to him (Job 1:8; 2:1-2; Matthew 12:26). 2. He possesses intelligence and cunning (Genesis 3; 2 Corinthians 2:11; Ephesians 6:11); memory (Matthew 4:6); knowledge and emotions (Revelation 12:12); will (Isaiah 14:12-15); speech faculties (Job 1-2; Matthew 4). 3. He will be punished as a moral, responsible being (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).
What do the Scriptures reveal as to the origin of Satan, the source of evil? From the fact that the Bible shows that God is the Creator of all things, both visible and, whether they be thrones, dominions, principalities or powers (Colossians 1:16; John 1:1-3), and that He created all things good (Genesis 1:31), we may conclude that the spiritual being designated Satan in the Scriptures was not originally a fallen creature. Do the Scriptures shed any light on this? We believe that they do. It is highly improbable that this archenemy of God and man, the source and cause of all the evil and misfortune in the universe, would be unceremoniously introduced into Scripture (Genesis 3) without some revelation in the Word of God as to his origin and subsequent apostasy, as well as some insight into the nature of his kingdom.
There are several passages of Scripture which refer to Satan's creation, apostasy, and fall from his original exalted position in heaven. Two of these deserve special consideration, namely, Isaiah 14:1-20 and Ezekiel 28:1-19. What is the true identity of the person described in these passages? A careful study will reveal that the description in these passages cannot be limited to the historic kings of Babylon and Tyre. The language, although addressed to them, clearly goes beyond these kings and characterizes Satan himself.
In the first place, the scope of Isaiah's prophecy is future, looking even beyond Israel's return from the Babylonian exile. Chapter 14:1-3 introduces the time of Israel's millennial blessings when she is restored to the land of Israel (14:1), ruling over her oppressors (14:2), and has been granted rest in her own land (14:3). The language in verse 12, which is addressed to the king of Babylon, is also used of Satan (Luke 10:18; Revelation 12:7-10), who, as the prince of this world, was the directing spiritual influence and power behind the king. Moreover, the language in verses 13-14 is inappropriate if limited to that earthly monarch. There are five "I wills" of Satan in this passage which cannot be applied to the king of Babylon. Satan boasted: "I will ascend into heaven." "I will exalt my throne above the stars of God." "I will sit upon the mount of the congregation." "I will ascend above the heights of the clouds." "I will make myself like the Most High."
The language, like that in Ezekiel 28:11-19, clearly goes beyond application to the historical king, and is directed to Satan. Ezekiel 28 describes the original, unfallen state of Satan and his apostasy, whereas Isaiah 14 records his fall and ultimate destruction. Why then are these two prophecies addressed to the historical kings of Babylon and Tyre, if they describe Satan and his career?
It is a characteristic of divine prophecy, and not uncommon in Scripture, for a message clearly to refer to or be directed to someone other than the individual named. Other passages where Satan is addressed indirectly through another are Genesis 3:14-15, Matthew 16:23, and John 13:27. In the Messianic psalms, while David apparently speaks of himself, he is actually describing Christ (cf. Psalms 16:10; 22, etc.).
Thus, we find that the kings of Babylon and Tyre are addressed in language which, by its very nature, describes someone other than themselves, because: (1) in the characters and careers of these earthly monarchs, the wicked character and career of Satan is seen; (2) Satan fulfills himself and his evil administration in and through these earthly kings who rule over his earthly dominions (Luke 4:5-6); and (3) these rulers, like Satan, arrogated to themselves divine honor and prerogatives (Isaiah 14:13-14; Ezekiel 28:2).
Next, observe the extraordinary nature of the description in Ezekiel 28:11-19, and the inappropriateness of limiting it to the historic king of Tyre:
"Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty" (28:12). He was complete and perfect before God.
"Thou wast in Eden, the garden of God" (v. 13). This is not the Eden of Genesis 3, but the paradise of God (v. 14, "the holy mountain of God") where he was arrayed with all imaginable splendor: "every precious stone was thy covering."
"In the day that thou wast created" (v. 13). Twice his "creation" is mentioned (cf. v. 15), which is inappropriate if applied to the king of Tyre. Of the human race, only Adam is said to have been "created"; his descendants are always said to be "born."
"Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth" (v. 14). No satisfactory explanation of the designation "cherub" has ever been offered when applied to the king of Tyre. The cherubim in Scripture are spiritual beings who always appear in the closest relationship to God (Genesis 3:24; Exodus 25:20; I Chronicles 28:18; Psalm 18:11; Ezekiel 1:9-11).
"I set thee, so that thou wast upon the holy mountain of God" (v. 14). He was appointed by God Himself to an exalted position.
"Thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire" (v. 14). Doubtless this signifies the divine presence of God and His glory (cf. Ezekiel 1:13. Exodus 24:10,17).
"Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till unrighteousness was found in thee" (v. 15). Certainly this is unsuitable and inappropriate when applied to the king of Tyre, who was not "created," never "perfect," so did not later fall into a state of unrighteousness.
This is, however, an accurate description of the career of Satan. Compare Colossians 1:16 with Ephesians 6:12, and John 1:3 with John 8:44, which suggest the fall of Satan from an original state of righteousness. Satan, we are told, "abode not in the truth."
"Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty; thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness" (v. 17). The Scriptures always designate pride as the cause for Satan's fall and condemnation (I Timothy 3:6; Isaiah 14:13-14).
"Therefore have I cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God; and I have destroyed thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire ... I have cast thee to the ground ... I have turned thee to ashes ... and thou shalt nevermore have any being" (verses 16-19). This is the exact fate predicted for Satan in Scripture (Revelation 12:7-9; 20:10; Isaiah 14:12, 15-20).
Satan was not alone in his apostasy and fall, for the Scriptures indicate that he was able to persuade numerous angels, and perhaps other spirit beings, to join in his rebellion and attempt to usurp the throne of God. Apparently the angels, possessing moral freedom, underwent a period of probation and testing just as Adam, for we read that some "sinned," and "kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation" (II Peter 2:4; Jude 6). The angels of the devil are referred to in Revelation 12:7. Others who kept their integrity are designated as "holy angels" (Mark 8:38) and "elect angels" (I Timothy 5:21).
As a result of Satan's rebellion and fall, sin entered and polluted the universe which God had created good, and Satan became the source of all evil and misfortune (John 8:44). His character and purpose are now given over entirely unto evil. He is called a "murderer," "the father of lies" (John 8:44), and an incorrigible sinner (1 John 3:8). He became the adversary of man, deceiving, oppressing, accusing, and seeking to destroy all that God has created (Genesis 3; Job 1-2; Acts 10:38; Revelation 12:9-10).
The present realm and sphere of this evil one and his hierarchy of wicked powers is not in "hell" (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 12:7-9); but the seat of his kingdom is in the heavenly regions, doubtless in close proximity to the earth (Revelation 12:7-12; Ephesians 2:2; 6:12. "High places" in 6:12 literally means "heavens" or "heavenly regions"). He walks up and down in the earth at will (Job 1:7; I Peter 5:8), and has access to heaven's throne as the "accuser" of believers (Job 1-2; Zechariah 3; Revelation 12:10). His present position is one of royal dignity and authority, so much so that even the archangel Michael "durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, 'The Lord rebuke thee"" (Jude 8-9).
His present dominion is that of king and ruler over a vast kingdom and hierarchy of dark powers (Matthew 12:26,29; 25:41; Ephesians 6:12), being designated as "ruler of this world," "ruler of the power of the air," and having the whole world under his power and influence (John 14:30; Ephesians 2:2; I John 5:19). As prince of this world, he rules over the godless political systems, in world affairs, in the realm of agnostic science and philosophy, and in the social and economic orders.
His designation as "the god of this world" (II Corinthians 4:4) signifies his present spiritual and religious power and influence. His influence and control in religion are to be found in various forms, ranging from subtle perversions of doctrine, including Liberalism, Modernism, Neo-orthodoxy, and New Age, to the revival of witchcraft, false cults, and devil worship. The worship of Satan and demons is not unknown in Scripture (Leviticus 17:7; Deuteronomy 32:16-17; Psalm 106:37; I Corinthians 10:20; I Timothy 4:1-3). Satanic churches exist today; and covenants with the devil, as well as prayers to him for assistance, have occasionally been disclosed by the oppressed in counseling with them.
Thus, Scripture actually sheds much light on the origin of evil in the universe and the present extent and work of the kingdom of Satan. However, a perplexing question yet remains: "How could sin originate in a perfect universe, or holy angels and spirits fall into the sin of apostasy and rebellion against God apart from outside influence?" Adam transgressed and fell from his state of innocence through the temptations of an outside influence, Satan. But in the transgression of Satan, the "anointed cherub" himself (as well as the holy angels who sinned), there was no one to influence nor tempt him. Sin actually had its origin in him: Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee" (Ezekiel 28:15). While Scripture does not give a direct solution, it does offer some help in solving this mystery. We offer two suggestions.
1. Free moral agency.
Satan, angels, and other spirit beings, like man, were created as free moral agents. That is, they were created intelligent, rational, and spiritual, with the power of free moral choice. By God's divine intention, they were given the power of self-determination with respect to their obedience to God.
Obviously, before sin entered the universe, Satan was still the anointed cherub. He and the angels who later sinned did not have a choice between good and evil as realities, inasmuch as evil did not yet exist. But the potential for evil existed, in that God had created other free moral beings and had given them the power to say "no" to Him and to rebel against His will. Before sin entered the universe, only one form of transgression was possible: disobedience to God's revealed will and commands. Satan's only choice initially was to obey or to disobey, as it was later in the case of Adam, whose transgression introduced sin into the world (Genesis 2:16-17; 3:1-6).
Irrational beasts do not have this power of choice, nor the right of self-determination; but neither can they, for that matter, worship God and by their own volition serve, honor, and obey Him. Free response based on love, not forced obedience, would alone satisfy and glorify God, the Father of all creatures, in exactly the same way a parent is honored and pleased by the loving, willful response and obedience of a child.
The initial choice was God's. Irrational beasts or sub-human robots without the ability of moral choice would present no threat to sanctity of the universe; but God wished to bring into existence beings who could freely worship, honor, and glorify Him. As God certainly knew of beforehand, this would require giving them the right of self-determination and the potential power of disobeying Him and His will. A creature who could not willfully say "no" to God, likewise could not willfully say "yes" to Him.
So evil did not exist from the beginning as a reality but as a potentiality. God created a free, moral universe and it is for this reason that Satan could choose not to abide "in the truth" (John 8:44). We may certainly infer from this that at one time he walked before God in truth and perfection, as Ezekiel 28:15 also indicates But, by an act of his own will, he chose not to abide any longer therein. So also, many of the angels, having the power of self-determination, "sinned" and "kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation" (II Peter 2:4; Jude 6).
2. Finiteness.
Satan, angels, and other spirit beings were, like man, created finite. To be "finite" means to be subject to limitations. It is a state of not being perfected (in the absolute sense); it is to be incomplete. Finiteness stems from the fact of creation. It is impossible to create an infinite creature-this would be a contradiction. Only God, as uncreated Spirit, without beginning or end, is infinite: that is, He is without limitation; He is perfect in righteousness, power, wisdom, holiness, and love. Finiteness is inherent in creation.
Satan's finiteness was the door to his fall, as it was with Adam. If one is finite in his essential nature, then his character, actions, motives, conformity to God's will, power to obey and not to sin-in a word, all that he is and does-will also be subject to this limitation or finiteness. Finiteness itself does not imply imperfection or defectiveness, but it implies limitation and susceptibility to failure or defeat under certain conditions.
Satan, as the anointed cherub, was preeminent in beauty and wisdom, possessing many other glorious attributes (Ezekiel 28:14). But being finite, he allowed pride to enter his heart because of his beauty ("Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty," Ezekiel 28:17; I Timothy 3:6), and sinful ambition, because of his great position ("I will exalt my throne above the stars of God... I will be like the Most High," Isaiah 14:13-14). Due to his incomparable beauty and wisdom, and because of his exalted position, his finiteness caused him to look away from the truth unto himself. The result was catastrophic: "he abode not in the truth" (John 8:44).
2. Demons.
We turn next to the hosts who comprise Satan's kingdom: demons and fallen angels. Satan, as god of this world, rules over a vast host of demonic spirits and directs an extensive kingdom and hierarchy, consisting of principalities, powers, world rulers of darkness, and spirits of wickedness in the heavenly regions (Ephesians 6:12).
Demons and fallen angels are never equated nor used interchangeably in Scripture. No angel is said to be "in" a person as in the case of the demon possessed. We do not read of a person who was possessed by an "unclean angel" (cf. Luke 4:33-36). Angels and other spirits are distinguished in Acts 23:9. The Scriptures speak of many kinds of spiritual creatures.
In our modern age of science and technology, with advancements in medical knowledge and psychiatry, and as a result of the rise of critical Biblical scholarship, it has become popular to deny the reality and existence of such personal entities as Satan, demons, and evil spirits, dismissing such beliefs as unenlightened superstition.
Several theories have been proposed by the skeptics in an unsuccessful attempt to explain rationally the manifestation of demonic powers. One such theory contends that the Bible, when it speaks of the presence and activity of demons, merely reflects prescientific superstition. From ancient times, we are told, every culture has held to the superstitious belief that the world is inhabited by unseen forces or spirits, some having good intentions toward man and some evil. In this way they were able to explain the mysteries of life and death, accident and disease, prosperity or famine, plagues, floods, storms, and so on. With our present day knowledge of science and the operation of physical laws, it is no longer necessary to resort to unrealistic explanations based upon unseen spirit forces.
Within Christendom some rationalistic theologians propose the theory of accommodation in an attempt to explain Jesus' references to demons and His exorcism of the spirits which in some instances possessed those to whom He ministered. Jesus, we are told, was actually aware that such personal intelligences as demonic spirits did not really exist, but inasmuch as the people to whom He ministered held to these superstitions, He merely accommodated Himself to their unenlightened views concerning the cause of physical and mental illness. His purpose, we are told, was not to teach science, but religion. Hence, He did not attempt to correct their unscientific beliefs. To say the least, such preposterous theory is ethically out of harmony with the moral life and teaching of Jesus Himself as set forth in the New Testament. Edited. Shared.
To be Continued.
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God willing, more will be posted soon. All glory to Jesus alone.
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